use of the term "video game", the term now implies all display types, formats, and platforms.
Historians have also sought to bypass the issue by instead using the more inclusive "digital games" descriptive. However, this term still leaves out the earlier analog-based computer games.
The "video" in ''video games" traditionally refers to a raster display device.However, with the popular catch phraseHistorians have also sought to bypass the issue by instead using the more inclusive "digital games" descriptive. However, this term still leaves out the earlier analog-based computer games.
History
The history of video games is filled with events and earlier technology that paved the way for the advent of video games. It also includes games that represent direct steps in the evolution of computerized gaming, and lastly the development and release of video games themselves.1947: Cathode Ray Tube Amusement Device
The earliest known interactive electronic game was by Thomas T. goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray man on a cathode ray tube The patent was filed on January 25, 1947 and issued on December 14, 1948. The game was a missile simulator inspired by radar displays from World War II. It used analog circuitry, not digital, to control the CRT beam and position a dot on the screen. Screen overlays were used for targets since graphics could not be drawn at the time.1947–1958: Chess, a British mathematician, developed a theoretical computer chess program as an example of machine intelligence. In 1947, Turing wrote the theory for a program to play chess. His colleague Dietrich Prinz wrote it as the first limited program of chess for Manchester university's Ferranti Mark. The program, however, was only capable of computing "mate-in-two" problems and was not powerful enough to play a full game.
1951: Nim
On May 5, 1951, the NIMROD computer, created by Ferranti, was presented at the Festival of Britain. Using a panel of lights for its display, it was designed exclusively to play the game of Nim; this was the first instance of a digital computer designed specifically to play a game. This machine was based on an original design built by E.U. condon in 1941, after having acquired a patent in 1940. The machine weighed over a ton, and a duplicate was displayed at the New York World's Fair. NIMROD could play either the traditional or "reverse" form of the game.1952: OXO / Noughts and Crosses (Tic-Tac-Toe)
In 1952, Alexander S. Douglas made the first computer game to use a digital graphical display. OXO, also known as Noughts and Crosses, is a version of tic-tac-toe for the EDSAC computer at the University of Cambridge. It was designed for the world's first stored-program computer, and used a rotary telephone controller for game control[10]. There is a description of another "fun" program for EDSAC[11].1958: Tennis for Two
In 1958, William Higinbotham made an interactive computer game named Tennis for Two for the Brookhaven National Laboratory's annual visitor's day. This display, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, was meant to promote atomic power, and used an analog computer and the vector display system of an oscilloscope.[12][13]1959: Mouse in the Maze, Tic-Tac-Toe
In 1959–1961, a collection of interactive graphical programs were created on the TX-0 experimental computer at MIT. These included Mouse in the Maze[14] and Tic-Tac-Toe.[15] Mouse in the Maze allowed users to use a light pen to place maze walls, dots that represented bits of cheese, and (in some versions) glasses of martini. A virtual mouse represented by a dot was then released and would traverse the maze to find the objects. Tic-Tac-Toe used the light pen as well to play a simple game of naughts and crosses against the computer.[15]1961: Spacewar!
In 1961, MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanen created the game Spacewar! on a DEC PDP-1 mini-computer which also used a vector display system.[1][13] The game, generally considered the first Shooter game,[citation needed] spread to several of the early mini-computer installations, and reportedly was used as a smoke test by DEC technicians on new PDP-1 systems before shipping, since it was the only available program that exercised every aspect of the hardware.[16] Russell has been quoted as saying that the aspect of the game that he was most pleased with was the number of other programmers it inspired to write their own games.[17]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/220px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg)
The Magnavox Odyssey released in 1972
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